3种遥感产品检测黄土高原森林变化及差异比较

基于Landsat Vegetation Continuous Fields（LVCF）、MODIS Vegetation Continuous Fields（MVCF）和MODIS Land Cover（MODLC）等遥感产品和森林清查数据（NFI）检测2000-2015年黄土高原森林分布及变化。结果表明:1）2000-2015年黄土高原森林覆盖度升高，基于LVCF和MVCF的全区森林覆盖度均值分别由2000年的7.8%和9.6%增加到2015年的9.7%和13.2%。2）遥感产品估算的森林分布空间格局和面积差异较大，基于LVCF、MVCF和MODLC估算的黄土高原森林面积在2000年分别为726.6×10⁴、604.7×10⁴ hm²和325.1×10⁴ hm²，2015年分别为926.2×10⁴、998.3×10⁴ hm²和400.1×10⁴ hm²。3）遥感产品估算的省级尺度上森林面积与NFI的不一致性因省份和年份而异，LVCF与NFI一致性整体略优于MVCF，MODLC与NFI差异最大且估算的森林面积远低于LVCF、MVCF和NFI。4）遥感产品检测的陕西和山西2省的森林面积增加值与NFI一致性高于宁夏；基于遥感产品估算的宁夏森林面积及增加幅度均远低于NFI。     

九连山国家森林公园负氧离子浓度时空变化及影响要素研究

负氧离子不仅对空气质量具有改善作用，而且对人体健康起到重要的影响。通过连续观测九连山国家森林公园空气负氧离子浓度，分析负氧离子浓度的时空变化规律及与各气象要素之间的相互关系。结果表明，九连山国家森林公园负氧离子浓度水平达到Ⅰ级标准，对人体健康极有利。原始阔叶林中负氧离子浓度明显高于人工林中负氧离子的浓度，且原始阔叶林和人工林中负氧离子浓度都呈现夏秋高于冬春，夏季最高，冬季最低；早晚浓度明显高于白天浓度的规律。因此九连山国家森林公园适合出游时间为夏秋季，且上午或傍晚最佳。此外，负氧离子的浓度与空气温度、湿度以及降水量都有明显的相关性，同时也受其他气象因素的影响。这些结果可以为推进森林旅游业的建设提供科学支持，特别是自然保护区内负氧离子资源和旅游产品的开发。     

Exploring tree diversity and stand structure of savanna woodlands in southeastern Sudan

Savanna woodlands in Sudan host great biodiversity, provide a plethora of ecosystem goods and services to local communities, and sustain numerous ecological functions. Although the importance of the Acacia trees in these areas is well known, up-to-date information about these woodlands' diversity is limited and changes in their woody vegetation composition, density, diversity and relative frequency are not monitored over time. This study explored tree diversity and stand stage structure in Nuara Reserved Forest, a typical savanna woodland ecosystem in southeastern Sudan. A total of 638 circular sample plots (1000 m² for each) were established using a systematic sampling grid method. The distance between plots was 200 m. In each plot, all living trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥5.00 cm were identified and counted, and their DBH values were recorded. From these data, tree composition, diversity, density and stage structure were assessed. There were 12,259 individual trees representing four species (Acacia seyal, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia Senegal and Acacia mellifera) that belong to two families. The dominant species was Acacia seyal. Average tree density was 191 trees/hm² and the Shannon-Weiner index for trees diversity was 0.204. Overall, young trees comprised 86.30% of the forest. The state of tree richness and density in the study area was low compared to other similar environments in the region and around the world. We recommended adoption of a proper management system that includes monitoring of woody vegetation diversity in this forest, and management actions to enhance tree diversity and sustain ecosystem services to local communities. In addition to care for the dominant Acacia seyal stands, more attention and conservation should be devoted to reestablishing Acacia senegal and Acacia mellifera trees because of their high ecological and economic values for local communities.     

干旱区平原水库坝后排水沟对下游农田土壤水盐运移的影响

干旱区平原水库的渗漏会抬高坝后农田地下水位,使土壤发生盐渍化,许多土地因此减产甚至弃耕。坝后设置排水沟是一种有效控制农田地下水位的措施。本研究采用排水沟调控坝后农田的地下水位,并利用HYDRUS模拟出在不同地下水位和深度的条件下土壤含水率与含盐量的变化情况,将实测数据与模拟数据相互对比,检验出模拟值的可靠度。研究结果表明:地下水位通过排水沟从1 m降到3 m,表层含盐量相差1.49～33.19 g·L~(-1),因此排水沟遏制地下水位越深,水盐运移越不明显,次生盐渍化越不容易发生,反之,则容易发生土壤盐渍化;地下水位相同时,土体种植植物可以降低含水率和含盐量,其中含水率最大变化为6.33%,含盐量仅相差0.08～4.56 g·L~(-1)左右,而且随着土层深度增加其影响的程度也逐渐减小。设置排水沟是解决坝后农田土壤盐渍化的较好方式。     

桉树人工林中433MHz信道LoRa信号的传播特性

LoRa技术是最新出现的一种无线通信技术,具有低功耗、距离远、工作在非授权波段等特点,与ZigBee等现在常用的无线通信技术相比,其在人工林无线传感器网中更具潜力。然而由于LoRa的传输受环境影响较大,目前在人工林中传播特性的研究还处于空白。本研究基于Shadowing信号衰减模型,在广西东门林场中测试了433 MHz信道LoRa信号在两种天线高度下(1.5,2.0 m)和3种不同环境下(开阔环境、3 a林龄桉树人工林,5 a林龄桉树人工林)LoRa信号接收强度(RSSI)随距离变化的情况,每种条件下得到了两组数据。首先利用其中一组数据对模型进行拟合,拟合结果表明,LoRa信号传输遵从Shadowing模型,拟合度在0.886~0.982。然后利用另一组数据对模型的精度进行验证,验证结果表明,模型精度较高,模型的精度介于0.780~0.961。最后分析了桉树人工林中影响LoRa信号传输的主要因素。本研究的方法和获得的信号衰减系数可以为桉树人工林无线传感器网络监测中LoRa节点的组网和部署提供依据和参考。     

河北太行山区典型水土保持林乔木层生物量及碳储量研究

以河北太行山区4种典型水土保持林为研究对象,对混交林(栓皮栎-侧柏)、油松林、栓皮栎林和刺槐林的乔木层各器官生物量、含碳率以及碳储量进行比较研究。结果表明:混交林、油松林、栓皮栎林和刺槐林生物量分别为51.94,86.40,90.19,18.08t/hm^2,栓皮栎林和油松林生物量高于4种水土保持林生物量的均值(61.65t/hm^2),而混交林和刺槐林生物量分别占生物量均值的84.25%,29.33%。不同林分各器官在乔木层生物量中分配顺序均表现为树干>树根>树枝>树叶。4种典型林分各器官含碳率分别为45.16%~58.93%,58.48%~64.61%,51.16%~58.37%,52.35%~62.30%。4种典型林分碳储量为10.10~53.85t/hm^2。不同林分类型各器官碳储量与生物量呈正比关系,与生物量趋势基本相同,碳储量大小表现为油松林>栓皮栎林>混交林>刺槐林。     

Linking size‐based trophodynamics and morphological traits in marine fishes

The rule of thumb in marine trophodynamics indicates that the bigger an organism, the higher its trophic level (TROPH). This generalization leads to the assumption that fishes increase their TROPH with growth. However, a recent review showed that for many species, TROPH does not increase with body size, suggesting that size‐independent feeding is not rare in marine fishes. Here, we assessed some morphological traits of marine fishes that could potentially be used as indicators for the ability to vary TROPH with body size. Stable isotope values of nitrogen were used as a proxy TROPH. The specific objectives were as follows: (a) to evaluate the relationship between the oral gape and the trophodynamic trend and (b) to quantify the relevance of 11 external morphological traits in determining the size‐based trophodynamics. We used random forest models to identify the morphological traits that would help predict which species would have the potential to increase TROPH with growth and which would have not. The selected traits included the pelvic fin relative position, the dorsal fin shape, total length, and relative mouth size. Our results also showed a marked relationship between the rate of increase in the oral gape and TROPH. The analyses presented here provide the first comprehensive and quantitative review aiming at linking the trophodynamics of marine fishes with external morphological traits.     

吉林省西部地区滴灌条件下宜机械粒收玉米品种筛选

确定宜机械粒收的玉米品种是构建吉林省西部旱作补灌区玉米丰产增效技术模式的重要内容之一。2018年和2019年在吉林省西部地区开展滴灌条件下宜机械粒收玉米品种的筛选试验,测定38个玉米品种的收获子粒含水率和产量,并按玉米子粒含水率和产量水平采用双向平均法作图进行品种分类。结果表明,本研究初步筛选出5个滴灌条件下宜机械粒收玉米品种,分别是迪卡159、福莱77,稷秾108、吉农大889和优迪919。根据品种综合性状分析,吉农大889较优,其次为迪卡159,可以作为适宜吉林省西部滴灌条件下丰产高效栽培的推荐品种。     

基于MaxEnt模型的新疆红枣生态适宜性与区划分析

【目的】 结合种植区资源分布现状,利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)预测新疆红枣潜在适生区,为新疆红枣区域布局和种植结构调整提供有效的理论指导和依据。【方法】 以年降水量、花期降水量(5~6月)、成熟期降水量(9~10月)、年有效积温(≥10℃)、年极端最低气温和平均气温6个气候因子和绿洲灌溉区、沙漠敏感区2个土地因子及高程因子为环境变量,利用GIS空间分析技术获取新疆红枣地理分布数据,采用MaxEnt模型进行建模并预测新疆红枣潜在适生区,使用百分比贡献率分析其主要环境因子及生态位参数。【结果】 (1)ROC评价(Receiver Operating Characteristic,ROC)显示MaxEnt模型预测新疆红枣潜在适生区的训练数据集和测试数据集的AUC值分别为0.921和0.904,模拟效果优秀。(2)新疆红枣潜在适生区总面积2 365.939 7×10⁴ hm²,其中最适生区429.350 1×10⁴ hm²,主要分布于新疆南疆的喀什地区、阿克苏地区、和田地区、克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州和巴音郭楞蒙古自治州,东疆的吐鲁番市、哈密市。(3)影响新疆红枣生长的主要环境因子是年极端最低气温(35.15%)、绿洲灌溉区(20.77%)、年有效积温(19%)和成熟期降水量(13.27%)。新疆红枣适宜生长在年极端最低气温≥-24.65℃,年有效积温≥3 595℃,成熟期降水量为0.54~7.64 mm,且绿洲灌溉区有助于提高其适生程度。【结论】 新疆红枣潜在适生区呈现环塔里木盆地聚集,低温是其最主要的影响因子。     

塔里木河上游棉区不同类型盐土阳离子交换量分布特征及影响因素

【目的】研究塔里木河上游棉区不同类型盐土CEC的分布状况及影响因素。 了解不同类型盐土土壤特性及肥力状况,为新疆南疆干旱区盐土改良利用提供理论依据。【方法】以阿拉尔绿洲草甸盐土(MeS)、沼泽盐土(MaS)、残余盐土(ReS)、洪积盐土(PrS)、棕漠林盐土(DeS)5种典型盐土为对象,研究该流域不同类型盐土阳离子交换量(CEC)的剖面分布规律,分析盐土CEC的影响因素,并利用灰色关联法对盐土CEC与土壤理化性质之间的关系进行了量化。【结果】该区盐土CEC在2.02～25.54 cmol/kg,平均值为12.39 cmol/kg,CEC随剖面深度的变化规律各类型盐土有所不同,不同类型盐土CEC大小依次为MeS> ReS > DeS > PrS > MaS。粘粒是干旱区盐土CEC的主要来源;pH、CaCO₃、盐基总量(TEB)和碱化度(BSP)与盐土CEC呈极显著正相关,是盐土CEC的主要影响因素,其中CaCO₃对盐土CEC的贡献不容忽视;盐土有机质(SOM)含量极低,对盐土CEC未表现出显著性影响;交换性钙饱和度(CaSP)、交换性镁饱和度(MgSP)及交换性钾饱和度(KSP)对盐土CEC有显著的抑制作用。【结论】塔里木河上游棉区不同类型盐土CEC有显著差异,不同类型盐土保肥、供肥及缓冲性能不同。pH、CaCO₃、TEB和ESP是CEC主要贡献因子,SOM对盐土CEC无显著的影响。